Based on neuroimaging data with psilocybin, a classic psychedelic drug, it is argued that the defining feature of “primary states” is elevated entropy in certain aspects of brain function, such as the repertoire of functional connectivity motifs that form and fragment across time. The psychedelic state is considered an exemplar of a primitive or primary state of consciousness that preceded the development of modern, adult, human, normal waking consciousness. Entropy is applied here in the context of states of consciousness and their associated neurodynamics, with a particular focus on the psychedelic state. 6Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaĮntropy is a dimensionless quantity that is used for measuring uncertainty about the state of a system but it can also imply physical qualities, where high entropy is synonymous with high disorder.5Neurology Department and Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.4The Beckley Foundation, Beckley Park, Oxford, UK.
3Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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